126 lines
5.8 KiB
XML
126 lines
5.8 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding='UTF-8'?>
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<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd">
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<chapter id="overview" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<title>Cygwin Overview</title>
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<sect1 id="what-is-it"><title>What is it?</title>
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<para>
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Cygwin is a Linux-like environment for Windows. It consists of a DLL
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(<filename>cygwin1.dll</filename>), which acts as an emulation layer
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providing substantial <ulink url="http://www.pasc.org/#POSIX">POSIX</ulink>
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(Portable Operating System Interface) system call functionality, and a
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collection of tools, which provide a Linux look and feel. The Cygwin DLL
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works with all x86 and AMD64 versions of Windows NT since Windows XP SP3.
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The API follows the
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<ulink url="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/nfindex.html">Single
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Unix Specification</ulink> as much as possible, and then Linux practice.
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The major differences between Cygwin and Linux is the C library
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(<literal>newlib</literal> instead of <literal>glibc</literal>).
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</para>
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<para>
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With Cygwin installed, users have access to many standard UNIX
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utilities. They can be used from one of the provided shells such
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as <command>bash</command> or from the Windows Command Prompt.
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Additionally, programmers may write Win32 console or GUI applications
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that make use of the standard Microsoft Win32 API and/or the Cygwin API.
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As a result, it is possible to easily port many significant UNIX
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programs without the need for extensive changes to the source code.
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This includes configuring and building most of the available GNU
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software (including the development tools included with the Cygwin
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distribution).
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<xi:include href="ov-ex-win.xml"/>
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<xi:include href="ov-ex-unix.xml"/>
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<sect1 id="are-free"><title>Are the Cygwin tools free software?</title>
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<para>Yes. Parts are <ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</ulink> software
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(<command>gcc</command>, <command>gas</command>, <command>ld</command>, etc.),
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parts are covered by the standard
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<ulink url="http://www.x.org/Downloads_terms.html">X11 license</ulink>,
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some of it is public domain, some of it was written by Red Hat and placed under
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the <ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public
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License</ulink> (GPL) or <ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html">
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GNU Lesser General Public License</ulink> (LGPL). None of it is shareware.
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You don't have to pay anyone to use it but you should be sure to read the
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copyright section of the FAQ for more information on how the GNU GPL may
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affect your use of these tools.</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="brief-history"><title>A brief history of the Cygwin project</title>
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<note>
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<para>
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A historical look into the first years of Cygwin development is
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Geoffrey J. Noer's 1998 paper, "Cygwin32: A Free Win32 Porting Layer for
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UNIX® Applications" which can be found at the <ulink
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url="http://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/usenix-nt98/technical.html">
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2nd USENIX Windows NT Symposium Online Proceedings</ulink>.
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</para>
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</note>
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<para>
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Cygwin began development in 1995 at Cygnus Solutions (now part of Red Hat,
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Inc.). The first thing done was to enhance the development tools
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(<command>gcc</command>, <command>gdb</command>, <command>gas</command>,
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etc.) so that they could generate and interpret Win32 native
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object files.
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The next task was to port the tools to Win NT/9x. We could have
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done this by rewriting large portions of the source to work within the
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context of the Win32 API. But this would have meant spending a huge
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amount of time on each and every tool. Instead, we took a
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substantially different approach by writing a shared library
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(the Cygwin DLL) that adds the necessary UNIX-like functionality
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missing from the Win32 API (<function>fork</function>,
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<function>spawn</function>, <function>signals</function>,
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<function>select</function>, <function>sockets</function>, etc.). We call this
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new interface the Cygwin API. Once written, it was possible to build working
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Win32 tools using UNIX-hosted cross-compilers, linking against this
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library.</para>
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<para>From this point, we pursued the goal of producing Windows-hosted tools
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capable of rebuilding themselves under Windows 9x and NT (this is
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often called self-hosting). Since neither OS ships with standard UNIX
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user tools (fileutils, textutils, bash, etc...), we had to get the GNU
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equivalents working with the Cygwin API. Many of these tools were
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previously only built natively so we had to modify their configure
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scripts to be compatible with cross-compilation. Other than the
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configuration changes, very few source-level changes had to be
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made since Cygwin provided a UNIX-like API. Running bash with the development tools and user tools in place,
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Windows 9x and NT looked like a flavor of UNIX from the perspective of
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the GNU configure mechanism. Self hosting was achieved as of the beta
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17.1 release in October 1996.</para>
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<para>
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The entire Cygwin toolset was available as a monolithic install. In
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April 2000, the project announced a
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<ulink url="https://www.cygwin.com/ml/cygwin/2000-04/msg00269.html">
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New Cygwin Net Release</ulink> which provided the native non-Cygwin Win32 program
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<command>setup.exe</command> to install and upgrade each package
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separately. Since then, the Cygwin DLL and <command>setup.exe</command>
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have seen continuous development.
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</para>
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<para>
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The biggest major improvement in this development was the 1.7 release in
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2009, which dropped Windows 95/98/Me support in favor of using Windows
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NT features more extensively. It adds a lot of new features like
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case-sensitive filenames, NFS interoperability, IPv6 support and much
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more.</para>
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<para>The latest big improvement is the 64 bit Cygwin DLL which
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allows to run natively on AMD64 Windows machines. The first release
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available in a 64 bit version was 1.7.19.</para>
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</sect1>
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<xi:include href="highlights.xml"/>
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<xi:include href="new-features.xml"/>
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</chapter>
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